Barriers to Licensure
An Innovative Program to Address Social Injustice in Social Work Professional Development Pathways
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/28548Keywords:
social work licensure, supervison program, barriers to supervisionAbstract
This article describes the current barriers that exist for Master of Social Work (MSW) graduates when obtaining the advanced clinical social work licensure. Disparities that exist in pass rates based on demographic factors, the lack of social work roles that provide clinical supervision, and the economic costs to obtaining outside supervision deeply impact social workers, the profession, and ultimately, client care. These barriers to both professional licensure and the advanced clinical licensure comprise a workforce-centered social justice issue that has broad implications for practitioners, organizations, and vulnerable communities. In this article, we describe a pilot project called the Clinical Supervision Program at a school of social work in Pennsylvania, launched to address social justice needs through an innovative and guided pathway that will result in clinical social worker licensure. The pilot project is a collaboration of faculty and clinical practitioners that provides supervision, mentorship, sustainability, and support to practitioners with the aim of enhancing equity within the social work profession. In doing so, this project strives to address both the economic and societal costs of gatekeeping the social work profession via licensure through the strategy of supported and relational mentorship as a core part of the licensing and credentialing process.
References
Apgar, D., & Luquet, W. (2023). Linking social work licensing exam content to educational competencies: Poor reliability challenges the path to licensure. Research on Social Work Practice, 33(1), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315221116123
Archibald, P., & Johnson, N. (2021). Culturally relevant, trauma-responsive, and healing-centered social work supervision. In R. Wells-Wilbon & A. Estreet (Eds.), Trauma and mental health social work with urban populations: African-centered clinical interventions (1st ed., pp. 178-190). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276613
Asakura, K., & Maurer, K. (2018). Attending social justice in clinical social work: Supervision as a pedagogical space. Clinical Social Work Journal, 46, 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0667-4
Asakura, K., Strumm, B., Todd, S., & Varghese, R. (2019). What does social justice look like when sitting with clients? A qualitative study of teaching clinical social work from a social justice perspective. Journal of Social Work Education, 56(3), 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2019.1656588
Association of Social Work Boards [ASWB]. (2022). 2022 ASWB exam pass rate analysis: Final report. Author. https://www.aswb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-ASWB-Exam-Pass-Rate-Analysis.pdf
Baines, D. (2006). ‘If you could change one thing’: Social service workers and restructuring. Australian Social Work, 59(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070500449754
Baines, D. (Ed.). (2011). Doing anti-oppressive practice: Social justice social work (2nd ed.). Fernwood.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024). Occupational outlook handbook: Social workers. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/social-workers.htm
Castex, G., Senreich, E., Phillips, N. K., Miller, C. M., & Mazza, C. (2018). Microaggressions and racial privilege within the social work profession: The social work licensing examinations. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2018.1555498
Chang, C. Y., Hays, D. G., & Milliken, T. (2009). Addressing social justice issues in supervision: A call for client and professional advocacy. The Clinical Supervisor, 28, 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325220902855144
Chen, X., Huang, Y. J., Leung, C. A., & Cheung, M. (2025). Social justice integration in clinical social work: Teaching with current events from the media. Journal of Social Work Education, 61(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2024.2413413
Chong, E., Chen, H., Chui, H. & Luk, S. (2024). Perceived cultural humility in supervision group and trainees’ cultural responsiveness self-efficacy. Psychotherapy, 62(1), 44-54.https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000540
Fook, J. (2012). Social work: Critical theory and practice. Sage.
General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2023). House Bill (No. 1841): Social Work Licensure Compact Model Legislation. https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2023/0/HB1841/PN2293
Hair, H. J. (2015). Supervision conversations about social justice and social work practice. Journal of Social Work, 15(4), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017314539082
Hair, H. J., & O’Donoghue, K. (2009). Culturally relevant, socially just social work supervision: Becoming visible through a social constructionist lens. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 18, 70-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313200902874979
Hughes, J. C., Kim, H., & Twill, S. E. (2018). Social work educational debt and salary survey: A snapshot from Ohio. Social Work, 63(2), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swy001
Joseph, R. (2024). Ethical challenges in social work licensing examinations: A call for integrity and strategies for success. Social Work, 69(4), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swae037
Koeske, G. F., & Krowinski, W. J. (2004). Gender-based salary inequity in social work: Mediators of gender’s effect on salary. Social Work, 49(2), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/49.2.309
Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2008). Clinical supervision, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intention: A study of substance abuse treatment counselors in the Clinical Trials Network of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35(4), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.02.003
Larson, G. (2008). Anti-oppressive practice in mental health. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 19(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428230802070223
Mina, F. (2022, September 20). Social worker exam results reveal racial disparities. The Imprint. https://imprintnews.org/top-stories/results-in-social-worker-exams-reveal-racial-disparities/173406
National Association of Social Workers [NASW]. (2021). National Association of Social Workers code of ethics. Author. https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English
Salsberg, E. Quigley, L., Richwine, C., Sliwa, S., Acquaviva, K., & Wyche, K. (2020). The social work profession: Findings from three years of surveys of new social workers. George Washington. University. https://www.cswe.org/cswe/media/workforce-study/the-social-work-profession-findings-from-three-years-of-surveys-of-new-social-workers-dec-2020.pdf
Wylie, P. (n.d.). Helping social workers manage student loan debt. Social Work Today. https://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/exc_051515.shtml
Yoon, I. (2012). Debt burdens among MSW graduates: A national cross-sectional study. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(1), 105-125. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2012.201000058
Zajicek-Farber, M. L. (2024). Social work licensing: Then and now. Clinical Social Work Journal, 52, 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-024-00953-y
Zippia. (2024 August 31). Licensed social worker demographics and statistics in the US. Author. https://www.zippia.com/licensed-social-worker-jobs/demographics/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Caroline Campbell, Jennifer Cullen, Rebecca Vlam, Matthew A. Myrick

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.